Question-1
What would be the electron dot structure of carbon dioxide which has the formula CO2?
Solution:
What would be the electron dot structure of carbon dioxide which has the formula CO2?
Solution:
Question-2
What would be the electron dot structure of a molecule of sulphur, which is made up of eight atoms of sulphur? (Hint – The eight atoms of sulphur are joined together in the form of a ring.)
Solution:
What would be the electron dot structure of a molecule of sulphur, which is made up of eight atoms of sulphur? (Hint – The eight atoms of sulphur are joined together in the form of a ring.)
Solution:
Question-3
How many structural isomers can you draw for pentane?
Solution:
We can draw 3 structural isomers for pentane.
How many structural isomers can you draw for pentane?
Solution:
We can draw 3 structural isomers for pentane.
Question-4
What are the two properties of carbon that lead to the huge number of carbon compounds we see around us?
Solution:
Due to its large valency, carbon atoms can form covalent bonds with a number of carbon atoms as well as with a large number of other atoms such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, chlorine and many more atoms. This leads to the formation of a large number of organic compounds.
What are the two properties of carbon that lead to the huge number of carbon compounds we see around us?
Solution:
Due to its large valency, carbon atoms can form covalent bonds with a number of carbon atoms as well as with a large number of other atoms such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, chlorine and many more atoms. This leads to the formation of a large number of organic compounds.
Question-5
What will be the formula and electron dot structure of Cyclopentane?
Solution:
Question-6
Draw the structures for the following compounds.
i. Ethanoic acid
ii. Bromopentane
iii. Butanone
iv. Hexanal
Solution:
What will be the formula and electron dot structure of Cyclopentane?
Solution:
Question-6
Draw the structures for the following compounds.
i. Ethanoic acid
ii. Bromopentane
iii. Butanone
iv. Hexanal
Solution:
Question-7
How would you name the following compounds?
Solution:
i. Ethyl bromide
ii. Formaldehyde
iii. Hexyne
How would you name the following compounds?
Solution:
i. Ethyl bromide
ii. Formaldehyde
iii. Hexyne
Question-8
Why is the conversion of ethanol to Ethanoic acid an oxidation reaction?
Solution:
The conversion of ethanol into ethanoic acid is called an oxidation reaction because oxygen is added to it during this conversion.
Why is the conversion of ethanol to Ethanoic acid an oxidation reaction?
Solution:
The conversion of ethanol into ethanoic acid is called an oxidation reaction because oxygen is added to it during this conversion.
Question-9
A mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt for welding. Can you tell why a mixture of ethyne and air is not used?
Solution:
When a mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt, it burns completely producing a blue flame. This blue flame is extremely hot which produced a very high temperature which is used for welding metals. But the mixture of ethyne and air is not used for welding purposes because burning of ethyne in air produces a sooty flame, which is not enough to melt metals for welding.
A mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt for welding. Can you tell why a mixture of ethyne and air is not used?
Solution:
When a mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt, it burns completely producing a blue flame. This blue flame is extremely hot which produced a very high temperature which is used for welding metals. But the mixture of ethyne and air is not used for welding purposes because burning of ethyne in air produces a sooty flame, which is not enough to melt metals for welding.
Question-10
What are oxidizing agents?
Solution:
Oxidizing agents are the substances that gain electrons in an redox reaction and whose oxidation number is reduced.
What are oxidizing agents?
Solution:
Oxidizing agents are the substances that gain electrons in an redox reaction and whose oxidation number is reduced.
Question-11
Explain the nature of the covalent bond using the bond formation of CH3Cl.
Solution:
CH3Cl(methyl chloride) is made up of one carbon atom, three hydrogen atoms and one chlorine atom. Carbon atom has 4 valence electrons, each hydrogen atom has one valence electron, and a chlorine atom has 7 valence electrons. Carbon atom shares its four valence electrons with three hydrogen atoms and 1 chlorine atom to form methyl chloride as follows:
From the above reaction, in the dot structure of methyl chloride (CH3Cl) there are four pairs of shared electrons between carbon and other atoms. Each pair of shared electrons constitutes one single covalent bond. So, methyl chloride has four single covalent bonds.
Explain the nature of the covalent bond using the bond formation of CH3Cl.
Solution:
CH3Cl(methyl chloride) is made up of one carbon atom, three hydrogen atoms and one chlorine atom. Carbon atom has 4 valence electrons, each hydrogen atom has one valence electron, and a chlorine atom has 7 valence electrons. Carbon atom shares its four valence electrons with three hydrogen atoms and 1 chlorine atom to form methyl chloride as follows:
From the above reaction, in the dot structure of methyl chloride (CH3Cl) there are four pairs of shared electrons between carbon and other atoms. Each pair of shared electrons constitutes one single covalent bond. So, methyl chloride has four single covalent bonds.
Question-12
Draw the electron dot structures for-
Solution:
Draw the electron dot structures for-
Solution:
Question-13
What is a homologous series? Explain with an example.
Solution:Homologous series is a series of compounds with a similar general formula, possessing similar chemical properties due to the presence of the same functional group, and shows a gradation in physical properties as a result of increase in molecular size and mass. For example, methane has a lower boiling point than ethane since it has more intermolecular forces with neighbouring molecules. This is because of the increase in the number of atoms making up the molecule.
What is a homologous series? Explain with an example.
Solution:Homologous series is a series of compounds with a similar general formula, possessing similar chemical properties due to the presence of the same functional group, and shows a gradation in physical properties as a result of increase in molecular size and mass. For example, methane has a lower boiling point than ethane since it has more intermolecular forces with neighbouring molecules. This is because of the increase in the number of atoms making up the molecule.
Question-14
How can ethanol and Ethanoic acid be differentiated on the basis of their physical and chemical properties?
Solution:
(i) Ethanol has a pleasant smell whereas ethanoic acid has the smell of vinegar.
(ii) Ethanol has a burning taste whereas ethanoic acid has a sour taste.
(iii) Ethanol has no action on litmus paper whereas ethanoic acid turns blue litmus paper red.
(iv) Ethanol has no reaction with sodium hydrogencarbonate but Ethanoic acid gives brisk effervescence with sodium hydrogencarbonate.
How can ethanol and Ethanoic acid be differentiated on the basis of their physical and chemical properties?
Solution:
(i) Ethanol has a pleasant smell whereas ethanoic acid has the smell of vinegar.
(ii) Ethanol has a burning taste whereas ethanoic acid has a sour taste.
(iii) Ethanol has no action on litmus paper whereas ethanoic acid turns blue litmus paper red.
(iv) Ethanol has no reaction with sodium hydrogencarbonate but Ethanoic acid gives brisk effervescence with sodium hydrogencarbonate.
Question-15
Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to water? Will a micelle be formed in other solvents such as ethanol also?
Solution:
Micelle formation takes place when soap is added to water. This is because when soap is added to water in which dirty clothes are soaked, the two parts of the soap molecule dissolves in two different mediums. The organic tail dissolves in the dirt, grime or grease and the ionic head dissolves in water. When the clothes are rinsed or agitated, the dirt gets pulled out of the clothes in the water by the soap molecule. In this way the soap does its cleaning work on dirty and grimy clothes or hands.
The soap molecules actually form a closed structure because of mutual repulsion of the positively charged heads. This structure is called a micelle.
Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to water? Will a micelle be formed in other solvents such as ethanol also?
Solution:
Micelle formation takes place when soap is added to water. This is because when soap is added to water in which dirty clothes are soaked, the two parts of the soap molecule dissolves in two different mediums. The organic tail dissolves in the dirt, grime or grease and the ionic head dissolves in water. When the clothes are rinsed or agitated, the dirt gets pulled out of the clothes in the water by the soap molecule. In this way the soap does its cleaning work on dirty and grimy clothes or hands.
The soap molecules actually form a closed structure because of mutual repulsion of the positively charged heads. This structure is called a micelle.
Question-16
Why are carbon and its compounds used as fuels for most applications?
Solution:
Carbon and its compounds are used as fuels for most of the applications because they burn in air releasing a lot of heat energy.
Why are carbon and its compounds used as fuels for most applications?
Solution:
Carbon and its compounds are used as fuels for most of the applications because they burn in air releasing a lot of heat energy.
Question-17
Explain the formation of scum when hard water is treated with soap.
Solution:
The precipitate form of scum is formed when soap is used for washing clothes. With hard water, a large amount of soap is wasted in reacting with the calcium and magnesium ions of hard water to form an insoluble precipitate. The precipitate form formed by the action of hard water on soap, sticks to the clothes being washed and interferes with the cleaning ability of the additional soap. This makes the cleaning of clothes difficult.
Explain the formation of scum when hard water is treated with soap.
Solution:
The precipitate form of scum is formed when soap is used for washing clothes. With hard water, a large amount of soap is wasted in reacting with the calcium and magnesium ions of hard water to form an insoluble precipitate. The precipitate form formed by the action of hard water on soap, sticks to the clothes being washed and interferes with the cleaning ability of the additional soap. This makes the cleaning of clothes difficult.
Question-18
What change will you observe if you test soap with litmus paper (red and blue)?
Solution:
Soap is the salt of a strong base (NaOH) and a weak acid (carboxylic acid), so a solution of soap in water is basic in nature. Being basic, a soap solution turns red litmus paper blue.
What change will you observe if you test soap with litmus paper (red and blue)?
Solution:
Soap is the salt of a strong base (NaOH) and a weak acid (carboxylic acid), so a solution of soap in water is basic in nature. Being basic, a soap solution turns red litmus paper blue.
Question-19
What is hydrogenation? What is its industrial application?
Solution:
It is a class of chemical reactions in which the net result is addition of hydrogen (H2) to unsaturated organic compounds such as alkenes, alkynes, etc. Hydrogenation is widely applied to the processing of vegetable oils and fats. Complete hydrogenation converts unsaturated fatty acids to saturated ones.
What is hydrogenation? What is its industrial application?
Solution:
It is a class of chemical reactions in which the net result is addition of hydrogen (H2) to unsaturated organic compounds such as alkenes, alkynes, etc. Hydrogenation is widely applied to the processing of vegetable oils and fats. Complete hydrogenation converts unsaturated fatty acids to saturated ones.
Question-20
C2H5, C3H8, C3H6, C2H2 and CH4
Solution:
Alkenes and alkynes (unsaturated hydrocarbons) undergo addition reactions. From the above hydrocarbons C2H2 is an alkyne, whereas C3H6 is an alkene. So, C3H6 and C2H2 will undergo addition reactions.
C2H5, C3H8, C3H6, C2H2 and CH4
Solution:
Alkenes and alkynes (unsaturated hydrocarbons) undergo addition reactions. From the above hydrocarbons C2H2 is an alkyne, whereas C3H6 is an alkene. So, C3H6 and C2H2 will undergo addition reactions.
Question-21
Give a test that can be used to differentiate chemically between butter and cooking oil.
Solution:
Bromine water test can be used to differentiate chemically between butter and cooking oil. Add bromine water to a little of cooking oil and butter taken in separate test tubes. <font
a. Decolourising of bromine water by cooking oil (unsaturated compound)
b. Butter (saturated compound) does not decolourise bromine water
Give a test that can be used to differentiate chemically between butter and cooking oil.
Solution:
Bromine water test can be used to differentiate chemically between butter and cooking oil. Add bromine water to a little of cooking oil and butter taken in separate test tubes. <font
a. Decolourising of bromine water by cooking oil (unsaturated compound)
b. Butter (saturated compound) does not decolourise bromine water
Question-22
Explain the mechanism of the cleaning action of soaps.
Solution:
We all know that soap is used to remove dirt and and grime from substances. Generally dirt and grime get stuck because they have an oily component, which is difficult to remove, by plain brushing or washing by water. A soap molecule has two parts, a head and a tail i.e. the long chain organic part and the functional group –COO– Na+.
A soap molecule has a tadpole like structure shown below.
The organic part is water insoluble but is soluble in organic solvents or in oil or grease. The ionic part is soluble in water, as water is a polar solvent. When soap is added to water in which dirty clothes are soaked, the two parts of the soap molecule dissolve in two different mediums. The organic tail dissolves in the dirt, grime or grease and the ionic head dissolves in water. When the clothes are rinsed or agitated, the dirt gets pulled out of the clothes, by the soap molecule. In this way soap does its cleaning work on dirty and grimy clothes or hands.
The soap molecules actually form a closed structure because of mutual repulsion of the positively charged heads. This structure is called a micelle. The micelle pulls out the dirt and grime more efficiently.
Explain the mechanism of the cleaning action of soaps.
Solution:
We all know that soap is used to remove dirt and and grime from substances. Generally dirt and grime get stuck because they have an oily component, which is difficult to remove, by plain brushing or washing by water. A soap molecule has two parts, a head and a tail i.e. the long chain organic part and the functional group –COO– Na+.
A soap molecule has a tadpole like structure shown below.
The organic part is water insoluble but is soluble in organic solvents or in oil or grease. The ionic part is soluble in water, as water is a polar solvent. When soap is added to water in which dirty clothes are soaked, the two parts of the soap molecule dissolve in two different mediums. The organic tail dissolves in the dirt, grime or grease and the ionic head dissolves in water. When the clothes are rinsed or agitated, the dirt gets pulled out of the clothes, by the soap molecule. In this way soap does its cleaning work on dirty and grimy clothes or hands.
The soap molecules actually form a closed structure because of mutual repulsion of the positively charged heads. This structure is called a micelle. The micelle pulls out the dirt and grime more efficiently.
Question-23
Would you be able to check if water is hard by using a detergent?
Solution:
We would not be able to check whether a sample of water is hard by using a detergent, this is because a detergent forms lather easily even with hard water.
Would you be able to check if water is hard by using a detergent?
Solution:
We would not be able to check whether a sample of water is hard by using a detergent, this is because a detergent forms lather easily even with hard water.
Question-24
People use a variety of methods to wash clothes. Usually after adding the soap, they ‘beat’ the clothes on a stone, or beat ii with a paddle, scrub with a brush or the mixture is agitated in a washing machine. Why is agitation necessary to get clean clothes?
Solution:
It is necessary to shake to get clean clothes because the soap micelles, which entrap oily or greasy particles on the surface of dirty clothes, have to be removed from their surface. When the clothes which are wet by soap solution are beaten, the micelles containing oil or greasy dirt particles get removed from the surface of dirty clothes and go into water and the dirty cloth gets cleaned.
People use a variety of methods to wash clothes. Usually after adding the soap, they ‘beat’ the clothes on a stone, or beat ii with a paddle, scrub with a brush or the mixture is agitated in a washing machine. Why is agitation necessary to get clean clothes?
Solution:
It is necessary to shake to get clean clothes because the soap micelles, which entrap oily or greasy particles on the surface of dirty clothes, have to be removed from their surface. When the clothes which are wet by soap solution are beaten, the micelles containing oil or greasy dirt particles get removed from the surface of dirty clothes and go into water and the dirty cloth gets cleaned.
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) [1 Mark each]
Question 1.
Buckminster fullerene is an allotropic form of
(a) phosphorus
(b) sulphur
(c) carbon
(d) tin
Answer:
(c) Buckminster fullerene is an allotrope of carbon containing clusters of 60 carbon atoms joined together to form spherical molecules. Its formula isC60 (C-sixty). It is a dark solid at room temperature and as compared to another allotropic form of carbon (diamond and graphite), it is neither very hard nor soft.
Buckminster fullerene is an allotropic form of
(a) phosphorus
(b) sulphur
(c) carbon
(d) tin
Answer:
(c) Buckminster fullerene is an allotrope of carbon containing clusters of 60 carbon atoms joined together to form spherical molecules. Its formula isC60 (C-sixty). It is a dark solid at room temperature and as compared to another allotropic form of carbon (diamond and graphite), it is neither very hard nor soft.
Question 2.
The hetero atoms present in
CH3 – CH2 – O – CH2 – CH2Cl are
(i) oxygen
(ii) carbon
(iii) hydrogen
(iv) chlorine
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (iii) and (iv)
(d) (i) and (iv)
Answer:
(d) Atoms other than C and H, if present in organic compound, are called heteroatoms.
The hetero atoms present in
CH3 – CH2 – O – CH2 – CH2Cl are
(i) oxygen
(ii) carbon
(iii) hydrogen
(iv) chlorine
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (iii) and (iv)
(d) (i) and (iv)
Answer:
(d) Atoms other than C and H, if present in organic compound, are called heteroatoms.
Question 3.
In which of the following .compounds -OH is the functional group?
(a) Butanone
(b) Butanol
(c) Butanoic
(d) Butanal
Answer:
(b) Butanol, CH3—CH2—CH2—CH2—OH
The general formula of alcohols is CnH2n+1— OH.
For butanol, n = 4. So, formula is
C4H9—OH or CH3—CH2—CH2—CH2—OH
In which of the following .compounds -OH is the functional group?
(a) Butanone
(b) Butanol
(c) Butanoic
(d) Butanal
Answer:
(b) Butanol, CH3—CH2—CH2—CH2—OH
The general formula of alcohols is CnH2n+1— OH.
For butanol, n = 4. So, formula is
C4H9—OH or CH3—CH2—CH2—CH2—OH
Question 4.
The soap molecule has a
(a) hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail
(b) hydrophobic head and a hydrophilic tail
(c) hydrophobic head and a hydrophobic tail
(d) hydrophilic head and a hydrophilic tail
Answer:
(a) A soap molecule is made up of two parts- a long hydrocarbon part and a short ionic part —COONa+ group. The long hydrocarbon chain is hydrophobic (water repelling) and ionic portion is hydrophilic (water attracting).
The soap molecule has a
(a) hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail
(b) hydrophobic head and a hydrophilic tail
(c) hydrophobic head and a hydrophobic tail
(d) hydrophilic head and a hydrophilic tail
Answer:
(a) A soap molecule is made up of two parts- a long hydrocarbon part and a short ionic part —COONa+ group. The long hydrocarbon chain is hydrophobic (water repelling) and ionic portion is hydrophilic (water attracting).
Question 5.
Structural formula of benzene is
Answer:
(c) Benzene molecule contains alternate single and . double bonds. Its formula is C6H6. In structure (b) formula is C6H12. In structure (a) double bond is not at alternate position. In (d) formula is C6H8.
Structural formula of benzene is
Answer:
(c) Benzene molecule contains alternate single and . double bonds. Its formula is C6H6. In structure (b) formula is C6H12. In structure (a) double bond is not at alternate position. In (d) formula is C6H8.
Question 6.
Which of the following is not a straight chain hydrocarbon?
Answer:
chain hydrocarbon not straight chain hydrocarbon. Rest three are straight chain hydrocarbons.
Which of the following is not a straight chain hydrocarbon?
Answer:
chain hydrocarbon not straight chain hydrocarbon. Rest three are straight chain hydrocarbons.
Question 7.
Which among the following are unsaturated hydrocarbons?
(a) (i) and (iii)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (ii) and (iv)
(d) (iii) and (iv)
Answer:
(c) Unsaturated hydrocarbons have double or triple bond in the structure. Both (ii) and (iv) structures have triple and double carbon-carbon bonds respectively.
Which among the following are unsaturated hydrocarbons?
(a) (i) and (iii)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (ii) and (iv)
(d) (iii) and (iv)
Answer:
(c) Unsaturated hydrocarbons have double or triple bond in the structure. Both (ii) and (iv) structures have triple and double carbon-carbon bonds respectively.
Question 8.
Chlorine reacts with saturated hydrocarbons at room temperature in the
(a) absence of sunlight
(b) presence of sunlight
(c) presence of water
(d) presence of hydrochloric acid
Answer:
(b) Chlorine reacts with saturated hydrocarbon at room temperature in the presence of sunlight.
Chlorine reacts with saturated hydrocarbons at room temperature in the
(a) absence of sunlight
(b) presence of sunlight
(c) presence of water
(d) presence of hydrochloric acid
Answer:
(b) Chlorine reacts with saturated hydrocarbon at room temperature in the presence of sunlight.
Question 9.
In the above given reaction, alk.KMnO4 acts as
(a) reducing agent
(b) oxidising agent
(c) catalyst agent
(d) dehydrating
Answer:
(b) KMnO4 acts as oxidising agent, because it removes hydrogen from CH3CH2OH and adds one oxygen to it.
In the above given reaction, alk.KMnO4 acts as
(a) reducing agent
(b) oxidising agent
(c) catalyst agent
(d) dehydrating
Answer:
(b) KMnO4 acts as oxidising agent, because it removes hydrogen from CH3CH2OH and adds one oxygen to it.
Question 10.
Butanone is a four carbon compound with functional group
(a) carboxylic acid
(b) aldehyde
(c) ketone
(d) alcohol
Answer:
(c) In butanone, the functional group is
Butanone is a four carbon compound with functional group
(a) carboxylic acid
(b) aldehyde
(c) ketone
(d) alcohol
Answer:
(c) In butanone, the functional group is
Question 11.
Identify the unsaturated compounds from the following
(i) Propane
(ii) Propene
(iii) Propyne
(iv) Chloropropane
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (ii) and (iv)
(c) (iii) and (iv)
(d) (ii) and (iii)
Answer:
(d) Propene, CH3CH=CH2 (ii) and propyne, CH3— C = CH (iii) both have double and triple bonds, respectively, hence are unsaturated compounds.
Identify the unsaturated compounds from the following
(i) Propane
(ii) Propene
(iii) Propyne
(iv) Chloropropane
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (ii) and (iv)
(c) (iii) and (iv)
(d) (ii) and (iii)
Answer:
(d) Propene, CH3CH=CH2 (ii) and propyne, CH3— C = CH (iii) both have double and triple bonds, respectively, hence are unsaturated compounds.
Question 12.
Which of the following does not belong to the same homologous series?
(a) CH4
(b) C2H6
(c) C3H8
(d) C4H8
Answer:
(d) Because succesive members of a homologous series differ by —CH2 unit.
Thus, C4H10 is the next member of this series. So, homologous series of alkanes is:
methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10).
So, C4H8 does not belong to the homologous series.
Which of the following does not belong to the same homologous series?
(a) CH4
(b) C2H6
(c) C3H8
(d) C4H8
Answer:
(d) Because succesive members of a homologous series differ by —CH2 unit.
Thus, C4H10 is the next member of this series. So, homologous series of alkanes is:
methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10).
So, C4H8 does not belong to the homologous series.
Question 13.
Ethane with molecular formula C2H6 has
(a) 6 covalent bonds
(b) 7 covalent bonds
(c) 8 covalent bonds
(d) 9 covalent bonds
Answer:
(b) Structure formula of ethane (C2H6) is
It is clear that it has 7 covalent bonds.
Ethane with molecular formula C2H6 has
(a) 6 covalent bonds
(b) 7 covalent bonds
(c) 8 covalent bonds
(d) 9 covalent bonds
Answer:
(b) Structure formula of ethane (C2H6) is
It is clear that it has 7 covalent bonds.
Question 14.
Which of the following are correct structural isomers of butane?
(a) (i) and (iii)
(b) (ii) and (iv)
(c) (i) and (ii)
(d) (iii) and (iv)
Answer:
(a) Structure (i) is n-butane and structure (iii) is iso-butane. Since, molecular formula is same, only structures are different. So, (i) and (iii) are isomers while structures (ii) and (iv) have molecular formulaC4H8.
Which of the following are correct structural isomers of butane?
(a) (i) and (iii)
(b) (ii) and (iv)
(c) (i) and (ii)
(d) (iii) and (iv)
Answer:
(a) Structure (i) is n-butane and structure (iii) is iso-butane. Since, molecular formula is same, only structures are different. So, (i) and (iii) are isomers while structures (ii) and (iv) have molecular formulaC4H8.
Question 15.
In the soap micelles,
(a) the ionic end of soap is on the surface of the cluster while the carbon chain is in the interior of the cluster
(b) ionic end of soap is in the interior of the cluster and the carbon chain is out of the cluster
(c) Both ionic end and carbon chain are in the interior of the cluster
(d) Both ionic end and carbon chain are on the exterior of the cluster
Answer:
(a) A ‘spherical aggregate of soap molecules’ in the soap solution in water is called a ‘micelle’. In a soap micelle, the soap molecules are arranged readily with hydrocarbon ends directed towards the centre and ionic ends directed outwards.
In the soap micelles,
(a) the ionic end of soap is on the surface of the cluster while the carbon chain is in the interior of the cluster
(b) ionic end of soap is in the interior of the cluster and the carbon chain is out of the cluster
(c) Both ionic end and carbon chain are in the interior of the cluster
(d) Both ionic end and carbon chain are on the exterior of the cluster
Answer:
(a) A ‘spherical aggregate of soap molecules’ in the soap solution in water is called a ‘micelle’. In a soap micelle, the soap molecules are arranged readily with hydrocarbon ends directed towards the centre and ionic ends directed outwards.
Question 16.
Vinegar is a solution of
(a) 50% – 60% acetic acid in alcohol
(b) 5% – 8% acetic acid in alcohol
(c) 5% – 8% acetic acid in water
(d) 50% – 60% acetic acid in water
Answer:
(c) A 5%-8% solution of acetic acid in water is called vinegar.
Vinegar is a solution of
(a) 50% – 60% acetic acid in alcohol
(b) 5% – 8% acetic acid in alcohol
(c) 5% – 8% acetic acid in water
(d) 50% – 60% acetic acid in water
Answer:
(c) A 5%-8% solution of acetic acid in water is called vinegar.
Question 17.
Oils on treating with hydrogen in the presence of palladium or nickel catalyst form fats. This is an example of
(a) addition reaction
(b) substitution reaction
(c) displacement reaction
(d) oxidation reaction
Answer:
(a) Oils are unsaturated compounds containing double bonds. Addition reactions are characteristic property of unsaturated hydrocarbons. The given reaction is an example of addition reaction.
Oils on treating with hydrogen in the presence of palladium or nickel catalyst form fats. This is an example of
(a) addition reaction
(b) substitution reaction
(c) displacement reaction
(d) oxidation reaction
Answer:
(a) Oils are unsaturated compounds containing double bonds. Addition reactions are characteristic property of unsaturated hydrocarbons. The given reaction is an example of addition reaction.
Question 18.
Carbon forms four covalent bonds by sharing its four valence electrons with four univalent atoms, e.g. hydrogen. After the formation of four bonds, carbon attains the electronic configuration of
(a) helium
(b) neon
(c) argon
(d) krypton
Answer:
(b) Electronic configuration of carbon (C) = 2, 4 when it forms four covalent bonds by sharing its four valence electrons with hydrogen, it forms CH4 molecule like this
Now, electronic configuration of C in CH
Carbon forms four covalent bonds by sharing its four valence electrons with four univalent atoms, e.g. hydrogen. After the formation of four bonds, carbon attains the electronic configuration of
(a) helium
(b) neon
(c) argon
(d) krypton
Answer:
(b) Electronic configuration of carbon (C) = 2, 4 when it forms four covalent bonds by sharing its four valence electrons with hydrogen, it forms CH4 molecule like this
Now, electronic configuration of C in CH
4 = 2, 8.
Atomic number of Ne is 10. Its electronic K L configuration is 2,8. Therefore, after the formation of four bonds, carbon attains the electronic configuration of neon.
Atomic number of Ne is 10. Its electronic K L configuration is 2,8. Therefore, after the formation of four bonds, carbon attains the electronic configuration of neon.
Question 19.
Mineral acids are stronger acids than carboxylic acids because
(i) mineral acids are completely ionised.
(ii) carboxylic acids are completely ionised.
(iii) mineral acids are partially ionised.
(iv) carboxylic acids are partially ionised.
(a) (i) and (iv)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i) and (ii)
(d) (iii) and (iv)
Answer:
(a) Mineral acids are strong acids which ionise almost completely and carboxylic acids are weak acids which ionise only pardally.
Mineral acids are stronger acids than carboxylic acids because
(i) mineral acids are completely ionised.
(ii) carboxylic acids are completely ionised.
(iii) mineral acids are partially ionised.
(iv) carboxylic acids are partially ionised.
(a) (i) and (iv)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i) and (ii)
(d) (iii) and (iv)
Answer:
(a) Mineral acids are strong acids which ionise almost completely and carboxylic acids are weak acids which ionise only pardally.
Question 20.
While cooking, if the bottom of the vessel is getting blackened on the outside, it means that
(a) food is not cooked completely
(b) the fuel is not burning completely
(c) fuel is wet
(d) fuel is burning completely
Answer:
(b) The unburnt particles of the fuel present in smoke blacken the vessel from outside.
While cooking, if the bottom of the vessel is getting blackened on the outside, it means that
(a) food is not cooked completely
(b) the fuel is not burning completely
(c) fuel is wet
(d) fuel is burning completely
Answer:
(b) The unburnt particles of the fuel present in smoke blacken the vessel from outside.
Question 21.
The reaction in which a reagent (partially or completely) replaces atom or group of atoms from saturated compounds or A are called B reaction.
Here, A and B respectively refers to
(a) unsaturated compounds, addition
(b) unsaturated compounds, substitution
(c) benzene, substitution
(d) alkene, addition
Answer:
(c) Substitution reaction is usually given by saturated compounds and benzene. Unsaturated compounds usually give addition reactions.
The reaction in which a reagent (partially or completely) replaces atom or group of atoms from saturated compounds or A are called B reaction.
Here, A and B respectively refers to
(a) unsaturated compounds, addition
(b) unsaturated compounds, substitution
(c) benzene, substitution
(d) alkene, addition
Answer:
(c) Substitution reaction is usually given by saturated compounds and benzene. Unsaturated compounds usually give addition reactions.
Question 22.
The table gives information about some esters and the fragrance they produce.
The table gives information about some esters and the fragrance they produce.
| Ester | Fragrance |
| Ethyl methanoate | Rum |
| Methyl butanoate | Apple |
| Ethyl butanoate | Pineapple |
| Propyl ethanoate | Pear |
Which structure do the ester compounds in the table have in common?
Answer:
(d) All esters have the common structure of carboxylic group represented by the suffix date.
Answer:
(d) All esters have the common structure of carboxylic group represented by the suffix date.
Important Extra Questions :-
Question-1
A piece of black electrode used in dry cell on strong heating in air gave a colourless gas which turned lime -water milky. What was the material of the electrode?
Solution:
We know that graphite is used for making the electrodes. So, the piece of black electrode used in the dry cell is made of graphite (which is an allotrope of carbon element). This is confirmed by the fact that the piece of electrode, on strong heating in air, gave a colourless gas carbon dioxide which turned lime- water milky. Thus, the material of the electrode is graphite.
Solution:
We know that graphite is used for making the electrodes. So, the piece of black electrode used in the dry cell is made of graphite (which is an allotrope of carbon element). This is confirmed by the fact that the piece of electrode, on strong heating in air, gave a colourless gas carbon dioxide which turned lime- water milky. Thus, the material of the electrode is graphite.
Question-2
Why does graphite conducts electricity, but not diamond?
Solution:
In case of diamond, each carbon atom of a single crystal is surrounded by four other carbon atoms by covalent bonds such that they form four corners of a regular tetrahedron. Because of four covalent bonds with each carbon atoms there are no free electrons available. Due to the non-availability of free electrons within crystalline structure, diamond acts as a bad conductor of electricity.
In case of graphite, every carbon atom in a single crystal is covalently bonded to three carbon atoms. As each carbon atoms has four valence electrons one valence electron is left free for each carbon atom. These free electrons can be easily made to flow within the crystalline structure of graphite by applying electric potential. Thus, graphite is a good conductor of electricity.
Why does graphite conducts electricity, but not diamond?
Solution:
In case of diamond, each carbon atom of a single crystal is surrounded by four other carbon atoms by covalent bonds such that they form four corners of a regular tetrahedron. Because of four covalent bonds with each carbon atoms there are no free electrons available. Due to the non-availability of free electrons within crystalline structure, diamond acts as a bad conductor of electricity.
In case of graphite, every carbon atom in a single crystal is covalently bonded to three carbon atoms. As each carbon atoms has four valence electrons one valence electron is left free for each carbon atom. These free electrons can be easily made to flow within the crystalline structure of graphite by applying electric potential. Thus, graphite is a good conductor of electricity.
Question-3
Write three important uses of ethanol.
Solution:
Ethanol is used as a solvent to dissolve varnishes, medicines and other organic compounds
It is used as beverage (for drinking as an intoxicant) in different forms, viz; Brandy, Whisky etc.,
It is used for industrial uses in the name of denatured spirit.
Write three important uses of ethanol.
Solution:
Ethanol is used as a solvent to dissolve varnishes, medicines and other organic compounds
It is used as beverage (for drinking as an intoxicant) in different forms, viz; Brandy, Whisky etc.,
It is used for industrial uses in the name of denatured spirit.
Question-4
State what you will observe when sugar crystals is heated strongly.
State what you will observe when sugar crystals is treated with conc. Sulphuric acid.
Solution:
The sugar crystal will initially melt. Gradually, they turn brown and start swelling up. They give off large amount of steam. Finally black porous residue of carbon is left behind.
The sugar crystals will initially turn brown. Lot of frothing takes place with the evolution of large amount of heat and steam is given off. Finally a black porous residue of carbon is left behind.
State what you will observe when sugar crystals is heated strongly.
State what you will observe when sugar crystals is treated with conc. Sulphuric acid.
Solution:
The sugar crystal will initially melt. Gradually, they turn brown and start swelling up. They give off large amount of steam. Finally black porous residue of carbon is left behind.
The sugar crystals will initially turn brown. Lot of frothing takes place with the evolution of large amount of heat and steam is given off. Finally a black porous residue of carbon is left behind.
Question-5
How are the molecules of aldehyde and Ketone structurally different?
Solution:
In aldehyde, the carbon atom of the carbonyl group is attached to one alkyl group (R) and one hydrogen atom but in ketone, the carbonyl group is attached to two alkyl groups.
How are the molecules of aldehyde and Ketone structurally different?
Solution:
In aldehyde, the carbon atom of the carbonyl group is attached to one alkyl group (R) and one hydrogen atom but in ketone, the carbonyl group is attached to two alkyl groups.
Question-6
What change has been made in the composition of detergents to make them biodegradable?
Solution:
Detergents made from long chain hydrocarbons having the minimum branching in their molecules are degraded more easily.
What change has been made in the composition of detergents to make them biodegradable?
Solution:
Detergents made from long chain hydrocarbons having the minimum branching in their molecules are degraded more easily.
Question-7
A hydrocarbon molecule contains 4 hydrogen atoms. Give its molecular formula, if it is an: (i) alkane, (ii) alkene (iii) alkyne.
Solution:
(i) An alkane containing 4 hydrogen atoms in its molecule is methane, CH4.
(ii) An alkene containing 4 hydrogen atoms in its molecule is ethane, C2H4
(iii) An alkyne containing 4 hydrogen atoms in its molecule is propyne, C3H4.
A hydrocarbon molecule contains 4 hydrogen atoms. Give its molecular formula, if it is an: (i) alkane, (ii) alkene (iii) alkyne.
Solution:
(i) An alkane containing 4 hydrogen atoms in its molecule is methane, CH4.
(ii) An alkene containing 4 hydrogen atoms in its molecule is ethane, C2H4
(iii) An alkyne containing 4 hydrogen atoms in its molecule is propyne, C3H4.
Question-8
Why common salt is added in soap making?
Solution:
Common salt is added to the mixture to make the soap come out of solution. Though most of the soap separates out on its own but some of it remains in solution. Common salt is added to precipitate out all the soap from the aqueous solution. Actually, when we add common salt to the solution, then the solubility of soap present in it decreases, due to which all the soap separates out from the solution in the form of a solid.
Why common salt is added in soap making?
Solution:
Common salt is added to the mixture to make the soap come out of solution. Though most of the soap separates out on its own but some of it remains in solution. Common salt is added to precipitate out all the soap from the aqueous solution. Actually, when we add common salt to the solution, then the solubility of soap present in it decreases, due to which all the soap separates out from the solution in the form of a solid.
Question-9
What is meant by denatured alcohol? What is the need to denature alcohol?
Solution:
The alcohol which is rendered unfit by mixing it with some poisonous substances, such as methanol, pyridine, copper sulphate, etc is known as denatured alcohol. Ethanol is an important industrial chemical. Therefore, it subjected to very small excise duty. To prevent its misuse for drinking purpose, there is a need to denature alcohol.
What is meant by denatured alcohol? What is the need to denature alcohol?
Solution:
The alcohol which is rendered unfit by mixing it with some poisonous substances, such as methanol, pyridine, copper sulphate, etc is known as denatured alcohol. Ethanol is an important industrial chemical. Therefore, it subjected to very small excise duty. To prevent its misuse for drinking purpose, there is a need to denature alcohol.
Question-10
What is meant by the term “functional group”?
Solution:
A functional group in an organic compound is an atom or a group of atoms binded together in a unique fashion, which is usually the site of chemical reactivity in an organic molecule.
What is meant by the term “functional group”?
Solution:
A functional group in an organic compound is an atom or a group of atoms binded together in a unique fashion, which is usually the site of chemical reactivity in an organic molecule.
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